HIV Fact File

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) remains one of the most significant public health challenges globally. Despite medical advancements, misinformation and stigma continue to surround the virus, leading to misunderstandings about how it is transmitted, diagnosed, and managed. Understanding HIV is crucial for everyone, regardless of age, gender, or lifestyle, as knowledge empowers individuals to take informed steps towards prevention, early detection, and effective management. This factfile aims to provide clear, evidence-based information to help dispel myths and encourage open conversations about HIV. However, if you suspect you have HIV then please contact your medical professional.

In recent years, medical advancements have revolutionised the way HIV is managed. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has proven to be highly effective in controlling the virus, reducing the viral load to undetectable levels. This means that individuals on successful treatment cannot transmit the virus to others, a concept known as U=U (Undetectable = Untransmittable). Additionally, preventive measures such as Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) have become essential tools in reducing new infections, especially among high-risk populations.

Despite these medical breakthroughs, stigma and discrimination surrounding HIV remain significant barriers to testing and treatment. Many individuals fear judgement, rejection, or legal consequences, preventing them from seeking the healthcare they need. Public awareness and education are crucial in normalising HIV discussions, ensuring that those living with the virus receive the support and care they deserve.

By increasing awareness, encouraging regular testing, and promoting safe practices, we can work together to reduce HIV transmission rates and support those affected by the virus. Now, let’s explore each aspect of HIV in detail, starting with its definition and how it affects the body.

What is HIV?

HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a virus that targets the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which are vital for fending off infections and diseases. Over time, if untreated, HIV can diminish the number of these cells, making the body more susceptible to infections and certain cancers. This advanced stage of HIV infection is known as AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). However, with timely and effective treatment, many individuals with HIV do not progress to this stage and can lead healthy lives.

HIV is primarily transmitted through contact with certain body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk. The most common methods of transmission include unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles or syringes, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. It is important to note that HIV cannot be transmitted through casual contact, such as hugging, shaking hands, or sharing food and drinks.

Since the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV has become a manageable condition rather than a fatal diagnosis. The effectiveness of ART means that individuals with HIV can lead normal, productive lives, provided they adhere to treatment and maintain regular medical check-ups. Modern treatments can lower the viral load to undetectable levels, making it impossible to transmit the virus to others (a concept known as U=U, or Undetectable = Untransmittable).

Symptoms of HIV

The symptoms of HIV vary widely from person to person and depend on the stage of infection. Some individuals may not experience symptoms for years, which is why regular testing is crucial.

1. Acute HIV Infection (First Stage): This occurs 2 to 6 weeks after exposure to the virus. Symptoms may include:

   • Fever

   • Fatigue

   • Sore throat

   • Swollen lymph nodes

   • Rash

   • Night sweats

   • Muscle and joint pain

   • Mouth ulcers

   • Headaches

These symptoms can resemble the flu or other viral infections, which is why HIV often goes undiagnosed in this stage.

2. Chronic HIV Infection (Asymptomatic Stage): After the acute phase, the virus enters a dormant state, where it continues to multiply at low levels. Many people experience no symptoms during this stage, which can last for several years. However, the virus is still active and can be transmitted to others.

3. AIDS (Advanced Stage): Without treatment, HIV progresses to AIDS, which severely weakens the immune system. Symptoms may include:

   • Rapid weight loss

   • Recurring fever

   • Chronic diarrhoea

   • Extreme fatigue

   • Persistent swollen lymph nodes

   • Sores on the mouth, genitals, or anus

   • Pneumonia

   • Memory loss and confusion

Early detection and treatment with ART can prevent HIV from advancing to AIDS.

Symptoms in Women

Women may experience unique symptoms of HIV that are often mistaken for other conditions. These include:

• Increased susceptibility to vaginal infections, such as thrush and bacterial vaginosis

• Changes in menstrual cycles, including missed or heavier periods

• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections leading to cervical abnormalities

• Severe premenstrual symptoms

Women should be aware of these signs and seek testing if they are at risk.

Symptoms in Men

Men with HIV may also experience specific symptoms, including:

• Persistent sores or ulcers on the genitals

• Erectile dysfunction

• Low testosterone levels, leading to fatigue and decreased libido

• Increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Recognising symptoms early and seeking medical attention can lead to better health outcomes.

How to Avoid Getting and Spreading HIV

Preventing HIV involves understanding the modes of transmission and adopting behaviours that reduce risk:

1. Safe Sexual Practices:

• Use Condoms: Consistent and correct use of male or female condoms during sex significantly reduces the risk of HIV transmission.
• Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): A daily medication for individuals at high risk of HIV, which can reduce the chance of infection when taken consistently.
• Regular STI Testing: Regular screenings help in early detection and treatment of sexually transmitted infections, which can increase susceptibility to HIV.

2. Safe Injection Practices:

• Avoid Sharing Needles: Use only sterile needles and syringes. Many communities offer needle exchange programmes to provide clean injecting equipment.
• Substance Use Support: Seeking support for substance use can reduce risky behaviours associated with drug use.

3. Mother-to-Child Transmission:

• Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) During Pregnancy: Pregnant individuals with HIV can significantly reduce the risk of passing the virus to their baby by taking ART as prescribed.

• Avoiding Breastfeeding (If Recommended): In some cases, formula feeding may be advised to prevent transmission through breast milk. However, guidelines may vary depending on individual circumstances and medical advice.

4. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):

• Emergency Medication: PEP is a course of HIV medication taken within 72 hours of potential exposure (e.g., unprotected sex, needle-sharing, or occupational exposure). It must be taken consistently for 28 days to be effective.

5. Regular HIV Testing:

• Know Your Status: Routine testing allows early detection and treatment, reducing the likelihood of unknowingly transmitting HIV to others.

• Testing Options: Free and confidential testing is available through the NHS, sexual health clinics, and home testing kits.

For further prevention strategies, visit the NHS page on HIV prevention: NHS HIV Prevention.

Diagnosing HIV

Early diagnosis is crucial in managing HIV effectively. Testing is the only way to confirm an HIV infection, as symptoms can be mild or absent for years.

Types of HIV Tests:

1. Blood Tests: The most common method. A small blood sample is taken and tested for HIV antibodies or antigens.

2. Rapid Tests: Provide results within 20–30 minutes using a finger-prick blood sample or oral swab.

3. Home Testing Kits: Available for private testing, with results provided through a secure service.

4. Self-Sampling Kits: Blood or saliva samples are sent to a laboratory for analysis, and results are given by a healthcare professional.

When to Get Tested:

• If you have had unprotected sex with a new or multiple partners.

• If you have shared injecting equipment.

• If you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy.

• If you experience flu-like symptoms within weeks of potential exposure.

Understanding Test Results:

• Negative Result: No HIV detected, but re-testing may be required if exposure was recent.

• Positive Result: Indicates an HIV infection; follow-up tests will confirm the diagnosis before starting treatment.

For more information on HIV testing, visit: NHS HIV Testing.

Treatment for HIV

HIV treatment involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which helps control the virus, improve immune function, and prevent complications.

How ART Works:

• ART reduces the amount of HIV in the blood (viral load), often to undetectable levels.

• People with an undetectable viral load cannot pass HIV to others (Undetectable = Untransmittable, or U=U).

• ART is taken daily and must be continued for life.

Types of ART Medications:

1. Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) – Block HIV’s ability to copy itself.

2. Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) – Prevent HIV from multiplying.

3. Protease Inhibitors (PIs) – Stop virus replication.

4. Integrase Inhibitors (IIs) – Prevent HIV from integrating into human DNA.

Side Effects of ART:

• Nausea or digestive issues (often temporary)

• Fatigue

• Changes in body fat distribution

• Increased cholesterol levels (managed with lifestyle changes or medication)

Adherence to Treatment:

• Missing doses can lead to drug resistance, making treatment less effective.

• Regular medical check-ups ensure the treatment is working correctly.

For more information on HIV treatment, visit: NHS HIV Treatment.

Living With HIV

With proper treatment, people with HIV can lead long, fulfilling lives. However, managing the condition involves medical care, mental well-being, and lifestyle adjustments.

Emotional and Mental Well-being:

• Support groups and counselling can help with coping and stigma.

• Maintaining a positive support network is crucial.

• Mental health conditions like depression and anxiety are common but treatable.

Healthy Lifestyle Choices:

• A balanced diet supports immune function.

• Regular exercise promotes heart health and overall well-being.

• Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can reduce health risks.

Relationships and Disclosure:

• Deciding when and how to disclose an HIV diagnosis is personal. Support is available to help navigate these conversations.

• Legal protections exist to prevent discrimination in the workplace and healthcare settings.

Complications of HIV

Without treatment, HIV can lead to serious health complications, including:

1. Opportunistic Infections:

   • Tuberculosis (TB)

   • Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

   • Candidiasis (thrush)

   • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

2. Neurological Complications:

   • HIV-associated dementia

   • Memory loss and cognitive impairment

3. Cardiovascular Disease:

   • Increased risk of heart disease and stroke

4. Kidney and Liver Disease:

   • HIV and certain medications can affect kidney and liver function.

5. Cancers Associated with HIV:

   • Kaposi’s sarcoma

   • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Regular medical check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can help manage and reduce the risk of complications.

HIV in Pregnancy

Pregnant individuals with HIV can have healthy pregnancies and babies, thanks to effective treatment.

Key Steps for a Safe Pregnancy:

• Early Diagnosis and Treatment: Starting or continuing ART during pregnancy reduces the risk of transmission.

• Regular Monitoring: Healthcare providers will monitor viral load and CD4 count to ensure both the parent and baby are healthy.

• Delivery Options: In some cases, a caesarean section may be recommended to reduce the risk of transmission.

• Infant Treatment: Babies born to mothers with HIV may receive medication for a few weeks after birth to further prevent infection.

Always Use a Condom

HIV is a manageable condition with proper treatment and care. Advances in medicine mean that people living with HIV can enjoy long and healthy lives. Regular testing, safe sex practices by using condoms, and ongoing support are key to prevention and management.

For confidential support and further reading, visit:

• Terrence Higgins Trust

• National AIDS Trust

• NHS HIV Services

If you are concerned about HIV, don’t hesitate to seek advice from a healthcare professional or a trusted support service.

Read more: Guide to Condoms

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