Hepatitis B Fact File

Published on: 02 September, 2024

Updated at: 04 March, 2025

Hepatitis B (Hep B) is a significant global health concern, affecting millions worldwide. Understanding its nature, transmission, symptoms, prevention, and management is crucial for public health and individual well-being.

This comprehensive fact file aims to provide detailed insights into Hepatitis B, presented in a conversational yet sensitive tone. If you suspect that you have been exposed to Hepatitis B then it advised that you seek medical attention from a local professional as soon as possible.

What is Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that targets the liver, caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It can lead to both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) liver diseases. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, or other body fluids. Common modes of transmission include:

Unprotected sexual contact: Engaging in vaginal or oral sex without using a condom or dental dam with an infected person increases the risk of transmission.
Sharing needles or syringes: This is particularly relevant among individuals who inject drugs.
Mother-to-child transmission: An infected mother can pass the virus to her baby during childbirth.
Exposure to infected blood: This can occur through needlestick injuries, especially among healthcare workers, or through sharing personal items like razors or toothbrushes that might be contaminated with infected blood.

It's important to note that Hepatitis B is not spread through casual contact such as hugging, kissing, or sharing utensils.

Globally, Hepatitis B remains a major health issue. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), as of 2019, an estimated 296 million people were living with chronic Hepatitis B infection, with the virus contributing to around 820,000 deaths annually, primarily due to cirrhosis and liver cancer. The prevalence of Hepatitis B varies geographically, with higher rates observed in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia.

Symptoms of Hepatitis B

The symptoms of Hepatitis B can vary widely among individuals. Some people, especially young children, may not exhibit any symptoms, making the infection harder to detect without proper screening. When symptoms do occur, they typically appear between one and four months after exposure to the virus. Common symptoms include:

Fatigue: A persistent feeling of tiredness that doesn't improve with rest.
Fever: Elevated body temperature without any other apparent cause.
Loss of appetite: A decreased desire to eat, which can lead to weight loss.
Nausea and vomiting: Sensations of queasiness that may lead to vomiting.
Abdominal pain: Discomfort or pain, particularly in the upper right quadrant where the liver is located.
Dark urine: Urine that appears darker than usual, often described as tea-colored.
Clay-colored stools: Pale or grayish stools due to the liver's impaired ability to process bile.
Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, resulting from the buildup of bilirubin in the blood.

These symptoms can range from mild to severe. In some cases, especially in adults, the body's immune system can clear the acute infection within six months without the need for treatment. However, if the virus persists beyond six months, it can lead to chronic Hepatitis B, which increases the risk of developing serious liver complications.

Symptoms in Women

While the general symptoms of Hepatitis B are similar across all genders, certain aspects may be more pronounced or have specific implications for women:

Menstrual irregularities: Some women may experience changes in their menstrual cycle, such as missed periods or heavier bleeding, due to the body's response to the infection.
Fatigue: Women might report higher levels of fatigue, which can impact daily activities and overall quality of life.
Pregnancy considerations: Pregnant women with Hepatitis B face the risk of transmitting the virus to their newborns during childbirth. This vertical transmission can lead to chronic infection in infants if not properly managed.

It's essential for women, especially those who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, to undergo screening for Hepatitis B. Early detection allows for timely interventions to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission, such as administering the Hepatitis B vaccine and Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) to the newborn shortly after birth.

Symptoms in Men

Men infected with Hepatitis B generally exhibit symptoms similar to those in women. However, certain factors may be more relevant:

Higher rates of progression: Some studies suggest that men are at a slightly higher risk of progressing to severe liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and liver cancer, compared to women.
Lifestyle factors: Men who engage in high-risk behaviors, such as unprotected sex with multiple partners or sharing needles, are at an increased risk of contracting and transmitting Hepatitis B.

It's crucial for men to be aware of these risks and engage in preventive measures, including vaccination and regular screening, especially if they belong to high-risk groups.

How to Avoid Getting and Spreading Hepatitis B

Preventing Hepatitis B involves a combination of vaccination, safe practices, and awareness:

Vaccination: The most effective way to prevent Hepatitis B is through vaccination. In the UK, the Hepatitis B vaccine is part of the routine immunisation schedule for infants. Adults at higher risk, such as healthcare workers, individuals with multiple sexual partners, or those who inject drugs, are also advised to get vaccinated.
Safe sexual practices: Using condoms or dental dams during sexual activity significantly reduces the risk of transmission. It's also advisable to limit the number of sexual partners and ensure regular testing for sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Avoid sharing needles and personal items: Individuals who inject drugs should use sterile needles and avoid sharing them. Additionally, personal items like razors and toothbrushes should not be shared, as they can be contaminated with blood.
Ensure safe medical and cosmetic procedures: When undergoing medical treatments, tattoos, or piercings, ensure that the equipment used is properly sterilised to prevent transmission.
Mother-to-child transmission prevention: Pregnant women should be screened for Hepatitis B. If positive, appropriate measures, such as administering HBIG and the Hepatitis B vaccine to the newborn, can significantly reduce the risk of transmission.

Public awareness and education play pivotal roles in prevention. Understanding how the virus is transmitted and the importance of vaccination can lead to more proactive health behaviours and reduce the stigma associated with the infection.

Diagnosing Hepatitis B

Early diagnosis of Hepatitis B is crucial for effective management and reducing the risk of complications. The diagnostic process typically involves:

Medical history and physical examination: Healthcare providers will assess risk factors, such as unprotected sex, drug use, or exposure to infected blood, and check for physical signs like jaundice.
Blood tests: Several blood tests are used to diagnose Hepatitis B:
- Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg): Indicates an active infection.
- Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs): Suggests recovery from an infection or immunity due to vaccination.
- Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc): Detects previous or ongoing infection.
- Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg): Associated with higher levels of viral replication and increased infectivity.
Liver function tests: These tests measure enzymes and proteins in the blood to assess liver health and detect any damage.
Imaging studies: Ultrasound scans, FibroScan, or MRI scans can help assess liver damage, fibrosis, or signs of cirrhosis.
Liver biopsy: In some cases, a small sample of liver tissue is taken to evaluate the extent of liver damage.

Early diagnosis is key to preventing complications. If you suspect exposure to Hepatitis B, speak to a healthcare provider as soon as possible.

Treatment for Hepatitis B

The approach to treating Hepatitis B depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic.

Acute Hepatitis B Treatment

Most healthy adults who contract acute Hepatitis B will clear the virus on their own without medical intervention. However, supportive care is essential:

Rest: Fatigue is common, so sufficient rest is advised.
Hydration and nutrition: Staying hydrated and eating a balanced diet helps support liver function.
Avoiding alcohol and certain medications: Alcohol and some over-the-counter drugs (like paracetamol) can further damage the liver.

Chronic Hepatitis B Treatment

Chronic Hepatitis B requires long-term management to prevent liver complications. Treatment options include:

Antiviral medications: Drugs like tenofovir and entecavir help suppress the virus, preventing liver damage.
Regular monitoring: Individuals with chronic Hepatitis B should undergo routine liver function tests and screenings for liver cancer.
Liver transplantation: In severe cases, where liver damage is irreversible, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Early intervention and ongoing medical care are crucial for managing Hepatitis B effectively.

Living With Hepatitis B

A Hepatitis B diagnosis can be life-changing, but with the right approach, individuals can lead healthy lives.

Lifestyle Changes

Healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins supports liver health.
Avoid alcohol: Alcohol increases the risk of liver disease progression.
Exercise: Regular physical activity helps maintain overall health and reduces stress.

Emotional and Mental Wellbeing

A chronic illness can impact mental health. Seeking support from healthcare professionals, joining support groups, or speaking to loved ones can help cope with emotional challenges.

Workplace and Social Life

Hepatitis B does not affect one’s ability to work or socialise. However, in certain professions (such as healthcare), special precautions may be necessary. There are legal protections in place to prevent discrimination based on Hepatitis B status.

Complications of Hepatitis B

If left untreated, Hepatitis B can lead to serious complications, including:

Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis: Long-term liver damage can cause scarring, leading to liver failure.
Liver cancer: Chronic Hepatitis B increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of liver cancer.
Liver failure: In rare cases, Hepatitis B can cause sudden and severe liver failure (acute liver failure), requiring an urgent liver transplant.
Kidney disease and blood vessel issues: Some individuals with chronic Hepatitis B may develop kidney problems or blood vessel inflammation.

Early and consistent medical care can help reduce the risk of these complications.

Hepatitis B in Pregnancy

Pregnant individuals with Hepatitis B can transmit the virus to their baby during childbirth. However, the risk can be minimised with proper medical interventions.

Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission

Screening during pregnancy: All pregnant individuals should be tested for Hepatitis B early in pregnancy.
Newborn vaccination: Babies born to Hepatitis B-positive mothers should receive the Hepatitis B vaccine and Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) within 24 hours of birth.
Antiviral treatment during pregnancy: In some cases, doctors may recommend antiviral medication in the third trimester to reduce the viral load.

With proper management, most babies born to mothers with Hepatitis B can remain free from the infection

Always Wear a Condom

Hepatitis B is a serious but manageable condition. Prevention through vaccination, early detection, and proper treatment can help individuals live healthy lives while minimising complications. If you believe you may be at risk, speak to a healthcare professional about testing and vaccination. Raising awareness about Hepatitis B can help reduce stigma and ensure that those affected receive the care and support they need.

As we've discussed already, Hepatitis B is a highly infectious virus that affects the liver, potentially leading to chronic disease, liver failure, or even cancer. It is primarily transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, including blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. Unprotected sexual activity is one of the main routes of transmission, making the use of condoms an essential preventative measure.

Condoms provide a reliable barrier that reduces the risk of exposure to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) during sexual contact. Unlike some other sexually transmitted infections, HBV can be spread through even microscopic amounts of infected bodily fluids. This means that any unprotected intercourse, including vaginal and oral sex, carries a significant risk. Since many individuals with hepatitis B may be asymptomatic, they can unknowingly transmit the virus to their partners, further underscoring the necessity of protective measures.

Promoting condom usage is a simple yet powerful public health strategy. By integrating it with vaccination and regular health check-ups, individuals can significantly lower their risk of contracting and spreading hepatitis B, thereby contributing to overall community well-being.

For more information, visit reputable UK health sources such as: