7 STIs that Affect Male Fertility
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) don’t just pose immediate health risks, they can also affect long-term fertility. Many infections cause inflammation and damage to the reproductive system, leading to issues such as low sperm quality, reduced motility, and even infertility.
In a recent report, the UK Health Security Agency announced that in 2023, that there was 401,800 diagnoses of new STIs which was an increase of 4.7% since 2022.
Below are seven STIs that can impact male fertility and what you can do to protect yourself.
1. Chlamydia
Chlamydia is one of the most widespread STIs in the UK. Many men don’t experience symptoms, meaning it can go unnoticed and untreated. If left untreated, it can cause epididymitis, an inflammation of the epididymis, a tube that stores and transports sperm. This can lead to blockages or damage that reduce fertility. Studies have also linked Chlamydia to lower sperm quality and DNA fragmentation.
Chlamydia is transmitted through vaginal or oral sex with an infected partner. The infection can be easily diagnosed with a urine test or a swab from the urethra. While antibiotics such as azithromycin or doxycycline can clear the infection, reinfection is common if both partners are not treated. Beyond fertility concerns, untreated Chlamydia can also increase the risk of contracting other STIs, including HIV.
Regular screening is crucial, especially for sexually active individuals under 25, as they are at the highest risk. If symptoms do appear, they may include painful urination, unusual discharge, or testicular discomfort. Seeking medical attention promptly can prevent complications and protect long-term reproductive health.
2. Gonorrhoea
Gonorrhoea is another common bacterial STI that can have serious reproductive consequences. It can infect the urethra, prostate, and testicles, leading to inflammation and scarring. If it spreads to the epididymis, it can reduce sperm production and motility. Gonorrhoea has also been found in semen samples of infected men, indicating a direct effect on sperm health. Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, treatment must be prompt and carefully monitored.
Symptoms of Gonorrhoea include burning during urination, white, yellow, or green discharge, and, in some cases, painful or swollen testicles.
However, many men do not experience symptoms, allowing the infection to persist and cause damage. Like Chlamydia, untreated Gonorrhoea can lead to epididymitis, which may cause infertility if severe scarring develops.
Gonorrhoea is treated with a combination of antibiotics, typically an injection of ceftriaxone with oral azithromycin. However, some strains of the bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics, making treatment more challenging. Preventative measures, such as consistent condom use and regular screenings, are essential for reducing transmission and safeguarding fertility.
3. Genital Herpes
Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), genital herpes leads to painful blisters in the genital area. While the infection itself does not directly cause infertility, HSV has been detected in semen, and some research suggests it may affect sperm motility. Recurrent outbreaks can also lead to psychological stress and discomfort, impacting sexual activity and conception efforts. Antiviral medications can help control outbreaks and reduce transmission risks.
Herpes is highly contagious and spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact, even when no visible sores are present. Many infected individuals are unaware they carry the virus. While Herpes does not directly damage sperm, the inflammatory response it triggers may affect sperm function and quality.
Although there is no cure, antiviral medications such as acyclovir or valacyclovir can suppress outbreaks and reduce the risk of transmission.
4. Syphilis
Syphilis can cause long-term health problems if not treated early. It progresses through stages, with initial symptoms including sores and rashes. If left untreated, it can damage nerves, blood vessels, and organs. For male fertility, syphilis may lead to testicular atrophy and erectile dysfunction, which can reduce the chances of conception. The infection is treated with antibiotics, but early intervention is crucial.
The first stage of Syphilis (primary syphilis) typically presents as a painless sore or ulcer on the genitals, mouth, or rectum. These sores may heal on their own, but the infection progresses to secondary syphilis, characterised by a rash, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. If left untreated, the infection enters a latent phase, where symptoms disappear, but internal damage continues. In the tertiary stage, Syphilis can cause neurological problems, cardiovascular complications, and severe reproductive damage.
Syphilis is diagnosed through blood tests and treated with penicillin injections. While the treatment is highly effective in early stages, advanced Syphilis can cause irreversible damage. Safe sex practices and regular screening are key to preventing Syphilis and its complications.
5. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
HPV is the most common viral STI, with some strains causing genital warts and others linked to cancers. While its impact on female fertility is well studied, emerging research suggests that HPV can also affect sperm function in men. High-risk HPV strains have been detected in semen and are believed to impair sperm motility and increase DNA damage. Vaccination can protect against the most harmful strains.
HPV is often asymptomatic, making regular screening important. In some cases, genital warts may appear, but these are typically caused by low-risk HPV strains. High-risk HPV strains are associated with cancers of the penis, throat, and anus.
HPV vaccines, such as Gardasil, offer protection against high-risk strains and are recommended for boys and young men before sexual activity begins.
6. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
HIV weakens the immune system and, if untreated, progresses to AIDS. Although modern treatments allow people with HIV to live healthy lives, the virus can still impact fertility. HIV infection has been linked to reduced sperm count and motility, as well as increased sperm DNA fragmentation. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can help manage the virus and improve overall health, including reproductive function. If you have HIV and want to conceive, consult a specialist for guidance.
HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sex, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth. Regular testing, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and ART can significantly reduce transmission risk.
7. Mycoplasma Genitalium
Mycoplasma Genitalium is not as well-known as other STIs and it can cause persistent urethritis (inflammation of the urethra). It has been associated with sperm abnormalities and infertility, though research is ongoing.
This infection is often resistant to common antibiotics, making treatment more challenging. Because it is not widely tested for, many men may carry the infection without knowing. If you experience persistent symptoms like painful urination or discharge, testing is recommended.
How to Protect Your Fertility
In addition to regular STI testing and treatment, making healthy lifestyle choices is essential for preserving fertility. However, the biggest method to prevent any STI and risking your fertility is through using condoms during sex.
Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, as these habits can lower sperm quality and disrupt hormone levels. A well-balanced diet rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals can also support sperm health. Foods such as leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and oily fish provide essential nutrients that contribute to optimal reproductive function.
Maintaining a healthy weight is important, as obesity has been linked to lower testosterone levels and reduced sperm production. Regular exercise can help regulate hormone levels, improve circulation, and reduce stress, all of which play a role in fertility.
If you are planning to start a family, consider speaking with a healthcare professional about preconception health checks and fertility assessments. They can provide guidance on risk factors, necessary lifestyle changes, and available treatments for any fertility issues that may arise.
Taking pills like Skins Enhance Gold contain Selenium which contributes to normal sperm production.
Taking proactive steps now can help protect your fertility and improve your chances of a healthy reproductive future.
Want to know more about condoms? Check out our Condoms Guide for an in-depth insight.
